The Alkaline Earths and the Halogens - Two Families in the Periodic Table

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Learning about and pedagogy the Periodic Table of the Elements is integral to science education.

In addition to the tabular array itself, nosotros provide learning resource and FAQs for both teachers and students to help master this cornerstone of STEM cognition.

Understanding the Periodic Tabular array

Here are some answers to common questions about the periodic table.

Why is it called a periodic table?

When Dmitri Mendeleev drew up the periodic tabular array, he grouped elements of similar properties. Based on the number of electrons, a scientist can determine which group to place an element into. This design is called a period (or row) on the periodic table.

How do I read the periodic table?

The key to understanding the periodic table is in its layout. The tabular array is comprised of seven rows (called periods), 18 columns (called groups or families). Some tables, like ours above, besides include colors to help identify groups that cross rows and columns.

The colored areas of our tabular array suspension up the elements into groups of alkali metals, alkaline world metals, lanthanides and actinides, transition and post-transition metals, metalloids, nonmetals, halogens, and noble gases. We go in-depth on each of these groups in the questions below.

How do I interpret the element boxes?

Located correct higher up the Englishname for each element, the largest messages stand for itschemical abbreviation. The largest number is the chemical element'southdiminutive number. Other information in the box includes the element's electron configuration, electronegativity, oxidation states, and its first ionization energy measured in kilojoules per mole.

What are the 118 elements?

An element, simply put, is a fundamental unit of matter that cannot be easily broken downwardly. It consists of a specific number of protons and variable neutrons and electrons. All of thing is fabricated of these 118 elements, combined in various ratios and kept in unlike states, similar solids.

Depending on where you are in the universe, some are more prevalent. Here on Globe, elements like oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) are common, but technetium (Tc) and nihonium (Nh) are rare.

Is there an chemical element 119?

Every bit of this writing, scientists have non isolated a stable element 119. About elements were discovered naturally. All the same, heavier elements must exist synthesized in a nuclear laboratory. Those larger than element 109 accept all been formed and isolated this manner.

Currently, the largest made is 118. Odd-numbered elements pose a greater challenge for isolation, equally their nucleons are non as stable.

What are the rarest metals?

On the periodic table, there is a family of eight elements known as the precious metals, including elements 44 – 47 like silvery and 76 – 79 like gold. These metals are considered to be both very rare and of loftier value.

Of those, the two nearly rare metals are rhodium (Rh) and osmium (Bone). This means that they are not commonly found naturally on Earth or within the universe.

Why isn't steel on the periodic tabular array?

Only elements get onto the periodic table, and steel is an alloy, not an element. Steel is made from multiple elements. Its bones formula includes iron (Fe) with trace amounts of carbon (C).

Different types of steel fabricated add other elements to heighten properties. For example, chromium (Cr) may be added to increase steel's hardness.

What are alkali metals?

The alkali metal family includes the six elements in the first column of the periodic tabular array, from lithium (Li) down to francium (Fr). These metals all incorporate one valence electron, meaning they form cations and react readily with h2o. These elements form the ionic bonds known as salts.

Hydrogen (H) may be mistakenly placed into this family, but it does not contain any of the family traits.

What are alkali metal globe metals?

The alkaline earth metals represent the second cavalcade on the periodic table. Its six elements extend from glucinium (Be) to radium (Ra). These metals are named for forming basic solutions when put into water. They tend to course cations with a positive two charge and bail ionically.

What are lanthanides and actinides?

The lanthanides and actinides refer to the two families of mostly radioactive metals in an off-shoot of the periodic table. Unremarkably, they are shown every bit two rows on a split up section. The superlative row houses lanthanides, which are elements 57 – 70. The lesser row contains actinides, elements 89 – 103.

These metals have very unique properties, owing to their f-orbital arrangements and unstable nuclei. Every bit an example, uranium (U) is a role of this group.

What are transition and post-transition metals?

The transition metals include 34 metals in the middle of the periodic tabular array. These metals are named this mode, equally they tin accept on many different charges, due to their valence electrons existence in the d-orbitals. Equally a issue, these metals tend to have a wide multifariousness of colors and properties.

Iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) are transition metals.

The postal service-transition metals are those metals that come after the transition metals, but before the noble gases within a row. At that place are only eight of them, merely they tin accept on some very unique properties, charges, and colors.

Aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), and atomic number 82 (Pb) are post-transition metals.

What are metalloids and nonmetals?

Metalloids are those seven elements that make upward the stair-stride line on the periodic table, including boron and silicon. These elements accept properties similar to both metals and non-metals.

Metalloids can take on either a positive or negative charge, depending on what other elements are around. These elements are particularly important for the electronic customs.

Nonmetals represent the top right of the periodic table. These elements are unremarkably gases at room temperature and tend to form anions. Non-metals have the highest electronegativity of any of the elements, pregnant they steal electrons.

What are halogens?

The element of group vii family is the main grouping seven on the periodic table, including fluorine downward to astatine. They are all non-metals forming a singly charged anion. They represent all 3 states of matter.

What are the noble gases?

The noble gases are the nonmetals that practise no react with whatsoever chemical element unless extreme atmospheric condition are imposed. They are the rightmost column on the periodic table. They usually do non class compounds, as they have a full octet.

Why should article traders care about the periodic table?

Commodity traders can reference the periodic table of elements to find abbreviations used by brokers and news media for base metals like iron (Fe) and precious metals similar gold (Au).

Traders can also enhance their understanding of the overall commodity market by using the periodic tabular array to meet possible relationships between metals and other chemicals that may affect their pricing.

Periodic Tabular array Learning Resources

We've gathered additional resources to help teachers and students of all ages better understand the periodic table.

Quick Videos About the Periodic Tabular array

Periodic Table of Elements [Kahn Academy] – 11:21 – This free lesson explains how the table is organized.
The Periodic Tabular array Song [AsapSCIENCE] – three:04 – A song to help you recall the elements.

Periodic Tabular array Lesson Plans & Activities

Understanding the Periodic Table of Elements: 10 Steps [Instructables] – A lesson plan to teach the table to young students.
Periodic Tabular array Teacher Resource [STEM Learning] – A good resource for homeschoolers.
7 of the Best Science Resources for Teaching the Periodic Table in KS3 Chemistry [TeachWire] – Lesson plans, printouts, and activities.
Classroom Resources | The Periodic Table Unit Programme [American Association of Chemical science Teachers] – Resource library and multimedia collection.
It's Elemental – The Periodic Table of Elements [JLab Science Pedagogy] – Online games and activities to assist students learn.
Periodic Table of the Elements Lesson Plan [PBS Learning Media] – Scavenger hunt and other learning plans.

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